Week One Ethics Development

The ethical system is built from many theories. Utilitarianism teaches to â€Å"do† the right things in life. Deontology follows dictations and commandments from the bible. The virtue theory contains the development of personal characteristics. It is interesting to know how a person develops morals and values and why everyone is different. Utilitarianism in ethics is the theory that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by its usefulness in bringing about the most happiness of all those affected by it. The word utilitarianism comes from the Greek word telos, which means â€Å"end†. Under this direction, acting ethically means making decisions and taking actions that benefit the people by maximizing â€Å"good† and minimizing â€Å"bad† (danielsfund. org). Englishmen Jerry Bentham and John Stuart Mill were too of the most influential developers of the utilitarian view point. Utilitarianism focuses on the pursuit of happiness. Another theory is the deontology moral theory. While utilitarianism revolves around the concept of â€Å"the end justifies the means†, and deontology works on a concept that â€Å"the ends does not justify the means†. Deontology is another moral theory that is dependent on the Scriptures, which may refer to rules, moral laws, and intuition. It is based on the Greek word â€Å"deon† and â€Å"logos† meaning, â€Å"the study of duty†. In other words deontology is based on the idea that we have a duty to do certain things and to not do certain things. For example, if a person refuses to shoot someone because they feel they have a duty to follow the commandment â€Å"Thou shalt not kill†. This sentence becomes a rule that the person lives by. Deontologist have strong feelings about the words â€Å"right† and â€Å"good†. Rights have to do with actions. Good has to do with outcomes. They feel that â€Å"right† is the only consideration. Deontologist are people who freely choose to accept certain constraints and who decide what is right by looking at the nature of the act itself. Some establish rules, such as keep your promises, do not kill, etc. and some follow God’s commandments. They do not look at the consequences as a rule and sometimes find themselves in difficult situations. Deontologists face more problems then conflicting duties. They are sometimes accused of being cold hearted moral machines that ignore the world around them. There are many disputes with this moral theory because people question if they are being ethical by doing what God says because they want to go to heaven. There is a difference between being obedient and being ethical. Another fascinating theory is the virtue theory. The virtue theory is different from utilitarianism and deontology. Many philosophers believe that morality consists of following precisely defined rules of conduct. Virtue theorists place less emphasis on learning rules, instead stress the importance of developing good habits of character. The virtue theory emphasizes moral education since virtuous character traits are developed in one’s youth. Adults are responsible for instilling virtues in the young. There are certain traits which are seen to be virtuous. For example, a few are wisdom, courage, justice and temperance. Virtue ethics can be seen as an ethics of personal development. People can develop virtues over time, and so in theory, grow into a better person. The virtue theory describes the position of my morality on a personal level. My parents taught me right from wrong and how to be a good person. They were my role models and I am the person that I am today because of them. They taught me that stealing is worng, and to respect others. These things are in the bible an my family believes in God but for me that was not the first that I react to when I make a decision. My decision making is guided by characteristics and the virtues that are installed in me. When I was younger I made many terrible decisions but now that I am older and wiser I make better decisions. For example, one day I was leaving Wal-Mart and I noticed that my daughter which is two years old had a toy in her stroller that was not paid for. I immediately went back inside to pay for the item. Because I have great parents that was raised with the good morals and values I will honor them by installing those traits into my children so they will become good people and grow up to be successful in life. Deontology moral theory works for individuals who are obedient and utilitarianism is great for someone who believes in taking action for the good of all. The virtue theory will work for someone who has strong and positive role models in their life. All three of these theories are great ways to incorporate good values and morals. Finding the one the best fits a person’s lifestyle is a challenge.

A King’s Collapse

A King's Collapse Unfortunately, in about every person's life either a tragic event or a series of tragic events can be found and in some cases more than others. To many people a tragic hero could be defined as someone who performs a heroic act, but dies in the process. Nevertheless, this statement is wrong, but instead a tragic hero needs five elements. To be a tragic hero one would need noble stature, a tragic flaw, free choice, excessive punishment and increased awareness. When discussing the play Antigone, a perfect example of a tragic hero would be Creon.Though many people might argue Antigone to be the tragic hero, but she is missing the element of increased awareness. Imagine finding out that your father married your grandma and your brothers killed each other over power. Then your uncle steps in to be king and declares that one of your brothers will get no burial because he was a trader. This information starts off a tragic play called Antigone. In the play, Creon must have n oble stature in order to be the tragic hero. One way Creon has noble stature is that he is the king which gives him power over the people.Antigone voiced this when she told Creon, â€Å"They share my views, but they keep their mouths shut just for you. † (Sophocles 12) Even though Antigone was telling Creon that his people did not share his views, what she said showed that Creon still had power over them. Another two ways Creon has noble stature are that he creates the laws and Creon's decisions affects everyone. This is shown when Creon states, â€Å"It's impossible/ to really know a man, to know his soul,/ his mind and will before one witnesses/ his skill in governing and making laws. (L 198-201) This statement shows that Creon thinks everyone knows him because he is the one governing and making the laws. Creon may be the king of the Thebes, but Creon does have a tragic flaw. Flaws can be found in every single person that has lived either in the past, present or will live in the future. Though there are many people, like Creon, who believe that they have no flaws. This was just a side affect of Creon's tragic flaw which was excessive pride. Creon's excessive pride leads him to not taking any sort of advice from anyone, especially women.This is shown when Antigone tried persuading Creon and Creon replied with, â€Å"No woman's going to govern me- no, no- not while I'm still alive. † (L 599-600) This not only shows his excessive pride, but also that he has absolutly no respect for women. Creon may have especially not listened to women, but he had the same communication level with everyone else, too. This is proven when the chorus leader tries reasoning with him then finally tells him, â€Å"Old man you're like archers shooting at me. † (L 1149) This states that Creon had excessive pride, but he also was persistent and stubborn.Creon may of had excessive pride as his tragic flaw, but he also had the free choice when making his decisions. W ith both Creon's excessive pride and him being the King of Thebes, he created a proclamation. This is one of the many unfortunate events that lead up to the tragic ending in Antigone. With this proclamation Creon was very forceful when making sure everyone knew it and the consequences they would apprehend if broken. Ismene restates, â€Å"For Creon this matter's really serious. / Anyone who acts against the order/ will be stoned to death before the city. (L 41-43) This was the punishment for anyone who would betray him by breaking the proclamation which showed he had his own free choice on what the punishment would be. He also had the free choice on who to forgive and who to punish. This was shown when Creon claims, â€Å"An enemy/ can never be a friend, not even in death. † (L 598-599) When Creon says this it shows everyone that Creon has no respect for traitors at all and they will be punished no matter who they are. Creon's noble stature, tragic flaw and free choices have all lead up to Creon's excessive punishment.To be completely truthful excessive punishment could be a lot of different things, but the most common one is probably death. Though in Antigone death is not Creon's excessive punishment. Instead, Creon's excessive punishment for everything he had done was the loss of his son and wife. In Antigone, Creon had changed his mind about his actions and went to go fix them, but in the end he still lost his wife and son. Creon made it clear that he was going to fix things by saying, â€Å"Alas- it's difficult. But I'll give up. I'll not do what I'd set my heart upon. / It's not right to fight against necessity. † (L 1236-1238) This shows that Creon was finally persuaded into not killing Antigone and burying Polyneices. Creon may of finally changed his mind, but he was too late to save anyone from death. Then after Antigone, his son and his wife he finally admits, â€Å"I killed you, my son, without intending to,/ and you as well, my wife. How useless I am now. † (L 1479-1480) This statement shows exactly what Creon's excessive punishment was which included losing his family.Creon's actions and his excessive punishment lead to his increased awareness of what he had done and the consequences he would now have to face because of them. The last element one needs to inquire before being classified as a tragic hero concludes to be increased awareness. Through all Creon had done, in the end, he finally realized that he should not have been so selfish nor stubborn. Creon lastly voiced the truth as he stated, â€Å"A las for me†¦ The guilt for all this is mine-/†¦ I, and I alone†¦ / I murdered you†¦ I speak the truth. (1463, 1465-1466) This comes to show that Creon comprehended that even though his son and wife killed themselves, he still was the reason in which they killed themselves. For any one person, with is awareness that you comprehend there has to be guilt that follows. His regret is stated as, â€Å"Oh the profanity of what I planned. / Alas, my son, you died so young-/ not your own foolishness but mine. † (L 1410-1412) In this quote it explain not only that Creon made mistakes or that he regrets it, but it also shows that Creon realizes that he made foolish mistakes that he would expect someone much inexperienced to make.Mix this five elements: noble stature, tragic flaw, free choice, excessive punishment, and increased awareness together and one would result with a tragic hero. Since almost everyone in the world has exprienced or seen some type of either tragic event or a series of tragic events in their lifetime it can be concluded that each person has their own definition of a tragic event. In many cases the established definition can be dependent on how severe the tragic event happens to be. The same thing happens when defining what a tragic hero consists of being.The correct difinition for what one needs to be a tragic hero states that a person should ne ed five elements: noble stature, a tragic flaw, free choice, excessive punishment, and increased awareness. Creon from the tragic play Antigone could be cosidered to be a perfect example of a tragic hero. Now many people might beg to differ that Antigone is the real play, but in all actuality Antigone missed one of the elements in the play. The element that allowed Creon tone the tragic hero instead of Antigone was that Antigone had no increased awareness in the end.

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion Questions - Essay Example 2006 posited that the key to leadership is ‘the discipline to prioritize and the ability to work toward a stated goal’ (p.30). Hitler was certainly able to work toward his set goal. A scenario in which this style would be best suited would be the one in which members of a community are experiencing prejudicial treatment because of the color of their skin or their ethnic background. There may be a situation where individuals from a particular community are constantly being the subject to racial attacks via the media and through face-to-face interactions. One individual can arise from the group who has the qualities of a charismatic leader. This individual can influence based on his/her charm, the majority of the community members to take a specific stand against the injustice. The charismatic leader suits this scenario because in the case of discrimination, it takes someone who would be respected and revered by all to make a difference. Not only must this individual be respected by the community in which he /she belongs but also by the community that is meting out the injustices. Change is inevitable and although people are naturally resistant to change the author of this paper believes that the following strategies as cited by Kotelnikov 2008 would be effective in dealing with dissent and resistance: An employee who refuses to change after being invited to participate in the change process and after all the above strategies have been attempted would have to be directed to another organization. This individual would only hinder rather than help the new initiatives of the organization to go forward. The length of time such an individual would remain in the organization would therefore depend on the length of time it takes to complete each of the strategies decided as best by the organization to deal with resistance to change. Musser, S.J. (1987). The determination of positive and negative charismatic leadership, Retrieved February 20, 2008 from

Organizational Communicating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Communicating - Essay Example A participatory environment builds higher performance and motivation, which relies on the leader understanding concepts related to decoding messages for the receiver in a way that fits their psychological needs for self-esteem development. When presenting ideas in speech format, use of appropriate visuals allows for more interaction with the audience and avoids distraction from the topics being discussed. The key is to remain focused on individuals with constant eye contact to ensure that what is being presented is understood and will be considered valuable information by the receiving audience. This is true in an environment with a high political protocol system or one with more liberal, group-focused philosophy. This paper describes the nature of organizational communications and the role of a competent leader in delivering masterful discussions that fit the organizational culture principles that guide it. Communication styles vary depending on the structure which guides decision-making in the organization. In vertical structures, decision-making is top down, requiring a more formalized method of communications at the managerial level. However, a more progressive organization requires an informal, transformational style in a system that regards workers are more than just business components, but as integral and valued members of the environment. This is the common structure that guides most human resource-oriented organizations today. Communications in this type of horizontal hierarchy should include developmental elements that promote honesty, integrity and methods to build morale. This begins with modeling behaviors that build vision and establishing trust. â€Å"Participation leads to better performance and, thus, improves morale† (Ashcraft, 2004, p.2). In a horizontal hierarchy, there should be a communications style that

What are environmental benefits of joining European Union Essay

What are environmental benefits of joining European Union - Essay Example Firstly, scholars have noted that the environmental standards that the European Union promotes can potentially save between 50,000 and 150,000 lives in countries that adopt EU standards; due to reduced levels of air pollution alone (Daly, 2012). With such a drastic reduction in death associated with air pollution, the society itself is not only better off and more healthy, they are able to defray a great many expenses that are associated with the long term healthcare of those individuals that suffer from this pollution. Estimates from scholars put the total cost savings that are associated with the above issue at tens of billions of pounds annually. Such a change can clearly be denoted with respect to the vastly positive shift in air purity that was represented within Romania’s air pollution index after European Union inclusion. Additionally, people in rural areas can be connected to municipal waste management systems; thereby reducing the pollution that takes place within the countryside as a result of illegal dumping. The power that this particular requirement has is oftentimes misunderstood or under-stated. However, by standardizing and centralizing the waste management of these nations, the entire ecosystem is preserved from the harm that many smaller and less stringent dumping sites would necessarily reflect (Kingston, 2010). The European Union also promotes a series of new requirements on nature protection; these will help to preserve the natural habitat of many creatures and a great many forest and swamp lands for future generations to enjoy (Bertram & Rehdanz, n.d.). Although such a consideration is oftentimes not the first concern of those individuals that wish to promote a further level of economic growth and independence, it is necessary for the preservation of the nation’s resources to consider the long term impacts that further destruction of

Using modelling, critical evacuate the effectiveness of leadership and Essay

Using modelling, critical evacuate the effectiveness of leadership and management using a chosen successful elite Soccer manager - Essay Example The paper highlights the traits of an effective manager and links them with the performance of Jose Mourinho, followed with a conclusion. Leadership is a process where an individual influences a group of other individuals to achieve a common goal (Northouse & Northouse, 2009). Leadership is of immense value in managerial jobs. In reference to football, leadership plays a pivotal role not only in coaching of the team but also in recruiting of the most appropriate team members, providing them with moral support and in assigning them responsibilities according to each one’s competency. Since stakeholders have invested millions of dollars at times into the football club, it is expected that the team would perform well. Therefore an experienced and talented manager is chosen so that he is able to bring out the best in the team members and appoint a competent coach who channelize the talents of the members and make the team win. Therefore managers are usually held responsible for the performance of the team; if the performance of the team is not up to the standard, managers can get fired. This accentuates the risky n ature of the job and the amount of responsibility that the manager has. A team is nothing without a good coach; the coach not only maps out the positions each player is going to play after scrutinizing the individual capabilities of the players, but also makes an analysis of the competition that the team is going to face in the playing arena and justly devises strategies to aid the team in specializing in particular game moves that will make them play better in comparison with their competitors. The role of a football manager extends beyond the fiscal matters of the team. A successful manager is one who is rated high on his relationship with the team. The manager motivates the team and builds up their morale. The attitude of the manager with

The Research Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Research Project - Assignment Example Predicated on front hypothetical discourse in regards to picture, an observational examination was directed to test the relationship proposed here. Numerous thing designators from front studies were utilized. Outcomes designate that there is a relationship between data sources and end picture. Following how clients procure data is fundamental for showcasing administration choices. This is particularly correct for lodging, peregrinate and tourism items. Research has exhibited that vacationer data is a profitable notion in comprehension goal picture and the terminus winnow methodology of travellers. Data sources have been incorporated in numerous look into acts as weighty calculates for the dissection of traveller mien. For example, to begin with, the greater part of the travellers comportment demonstrates joined the pursuit of outside data as a fundamental segment. Second, a few studies have analyzed the impact of data sources on voyagers' inclinations and aims. Different studies have fixated on the relationship between data sources, objective winnow and peregrinate choices. ... On the other hand, travelers figure pictures of elective objectives, so picture withal develops as a discriminating element in the objective select process (Goodman, 2004 p 34) . This is steady with the idea that data sources and the characteristics of the diverse ends structure the substratum for distinctive picture and experience prospects. In incorporation, the data wellsprings of traveller exercises have transmuted enormously in the course of recent years, due firstly to the effect of nascent innovations; besides, to the change in vacationer purchaser deportment, thirdly to the expand in the amount of traveler ends of the line, and determinately to the developing rivalry around distinctive goals. As a result, data sources may as well meet one principle objective so as to be recognized as solid actualizes for objective advancement. Advancement is apperceived by numerous as a discriminating component in tourism advertising. Around the cluster of limited time strategies accessible, the peregrinate leaflet is a standout amongst the most central and broadly used For quite some time, peregrinate pamphlets have been used by national, state and common place administrations, gathering and guests' bureaux and cement ends of the line as reasonable and diverse correspondence executes. Thus, the fundamental point of this study is to distinguish those objective characteristics which help assemble a positive objective picture, and to investigate the part of data sources in the structuring of the positive terminus picture. All the more unequivocally, this study focuses on the investigation of pamphlets as an advancement betokens for visitor objectives and as impelled picture engenderers. Adventitiously, it attempts to make a relationship between the bona fide end of the

Third Party Conflict Resolution Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Third Party Conflict Resolution Paper - Essay Example Nevertheless, there are always chance of failure of all of those. Thus a contingency plan is required at all time if the fundamental strategy is rejected. Conflict resolution is the skill needed to solve a problem related to conflict. The concept of conflict resolution tends to convert conflict into creative conflict within teamwork that helps in approaching conflict management. This becomes operational once the members of a team are made to understand that the other party also possess a standpoint and it is helpful to listen to the other party and understand the thought process. Once this is clarified, the main aspects of conflict seize to exist and creative conflict arises out of general conflict. It should be mentioned that the chief reason behind conflict problem is mistrust. This mistrust arises from the parameters of low knowledge about the other individual. If it was possible to intermingle among all the individuals, it is certain the aspect of conflict would be completely abolished. This is a favorable undertaking to play down the possible tension among different working groups. It is almost like a plan to implement conflict management techniques where conflict tends to disappear as soon as an individual understands the position of the other and starts respectin

Marketing research 2210 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing research 2210 - Essay Example It was a black and white television ad with a jingle without music in a heavy feminine gipsy like voice. The visuals comprised of no celebrity association, just the shoes of a person walking. The advertisement had immense recall since the brand was highlighted and there was no celebrity endorsement to overshadow the brand. However, this approach might not be quite as successful in every era. The best way to make this difficult decision would be by making a decision backed by consumer support in form of conducting "Quantitative Market" and "Qualitative Market" research. 1. Ad Tracking: As defined by Young, is a periodic or continuous in-market research to monitor a brand's performance using measures such as brand awareness, brand preference, and product usage." (Young, 2005)( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_research) 4. Cool Hunting :- to make observations and predictions in changes of new or existing cultural trends in areas such as fashion, music, films, television, youth culture and lifestyle (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_research).Nike is a brand for the youth. The advertising campaign should be such that it should focus on the youth , their interests and then the advertising campaign should focus on those interests for example, NIKE can be marketed to all sporty , college going youth. 5. 5. Buyer decision processes research - to determine what motivates people to buy and what decision-making process they use (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_research).For this purpose, an extensive survey can be undertaken in which the customers in the Nike outlets in different regions are asked to fill up a questionnaire with a set of questions. The analysis of this a survey, can help determine a lot many factors that influence buyer behavior. 6. Focus Group: Having a group of customers sit in a panel with the marketing team of the Nike group in order to discuss what the customers are looking for in a athletic shoe brand and what would influence their decision to purchase the most. How would you describe the buying behavior of consumers with respect to athletic foot wear (courtesy:http://www.tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_decision_process.asp) Above is a diagram that shows the model that the customer follows in making a purchase decision. Shoes are a basic need and thus the buying behavior would be low involvement. However, Nike, the athletic shoes brand, not only satisfies a need but also gives psychological benefits to the consumer. The consumer starts associating himself with the attributes of the Nike brand. The attributes of NIKE can be described as Trendy, Comfortable and Athletic and representing a lifestyle for the young. Thus, for these psychological benefits the customer is willing to pay a higher price for Nike shoes as compared to any other shoes. The second step would be to search out information. For this purpose, the customer would be vulnerable to the information bombardment through various sources including peer pressure, Print advertising, on campus advertising(in

Robert Browning and his poetry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Robert Browning and his poetry - Research Paper Example It would appear that Browning was greatly influenced by this review because after Mill’s criticism, he rarely wrote about his own emotions or used a subjective tone in his poetry. As a teenager, Browning was greatly influenced by the poet Percy Shelley. His earliest poetry efforts reflected Shelley’s views and style. Shelley’s writings inspired Browning to be an atheist for a short amount of time. Later he would say that his short-lived atheism was just a phase that he passed through in his life. His first published poem, entitled â€Å"Pauline: A Fragment of Confession† was thought to be inspired by a religious music composer named Eliza Flower. (Liukkonen). In 1969, he wrote what is known as his greatest poem, â€Å"The Ring and the Book,† which was a tribute to his wife Elizabeth who had passed away eight years before. Browning’s first critical praise came after he published â€Å"Paracelsus† in 1835. William Wordsworth and other di stinguished writers praised the poem and thought him a very promising young poet. For the next 30 years, however, a majority of his works were harshly criticized until the late 1860s when he wrote the much praised â€Å"The Ring and the Book.† Later, in 1873, he wrote â€Å"Red Cotton Night – Cap Country.† The Examiner called the work â€Å"the most useful of all the good poems that he has written† (Johnson). Browning’s Work as a Whole Overall, Browning’s poetry could accurately be described as narrative and dramatic. More specifically, his major works are best described as dramatic monologues. A dramatic monologue features a single character narration. The monologue style allows for the audience to judge the narrator’s worth and the value of what he is saying. Also, the narrator is not generally speaking to the audience in this type of poem but merely musing to themselves. In general, Browning’s poetry is difficult to read and understand and, as Encyclopedia Brittanica states, â€Å"certain [Browning] poems require a considerable acquaintance with their subjects in order to be understood† (Brittanica). As mentioned earlier, Browning departed from the self-conscious tone of his first poem and adopted the narrative structure. He is often known for giving the poem’s audience an unanticipated point of view. He also frequently uses irony in his poems and is able to shift the focus of his poems as well. Many Christian themes and sentiments can also be observed in Browning’s work. His poetry also reflects his changing religious views throughout his life. He frequently deals with the topics of love, faith, and death. Also, his works occasionally reveal his uncertainty and skepticism about religion (Johnson). However, by today’s standards they are viewed as quite optimistic as well as spiritual. The rhythm of Browning’s poetry is mostly irregular. He employed a wide variety of m etrical forms in his writing. He was able to create very interesting rhythms and melodies by using these varied metrical forms and rhythms. A good illustration of this technique can be observed by reading the following extract from Browning’s poem Abt Vogler: And one would bury his brow with a blind plunge down to hell, Burrow awhile and build, broad on the roots of things, Then up again swim into sight, having based me my palace well, Founded it, fearless of flame, flat on the nether springs. Browning also wrote

Sugary Drinks Essay Example for Free

Sugary Drinks Essay Beverages are different types of drinks made for human consumption to quench thirst. Sugary drinks or soft drink is one type of beverage, which is added with sugar such as Coca Cola which is a common soft drink. Energy drinks are also known as sugary drinks. Sugary drinks have many reasons for and against regulating it. Although sugary drinks are in favor of many people, it is also important to note that it is in opposition to others in a nation at large which gives use to the question of whether sugary drinks should be regulated or not. This essay will discuss the reasons why the government should not and should regulate sugary drinks. To begin with, a reason against regulating sugary drinks is that it generates employment opportunities for the nation. Sugary drinks companies will need a high manual labor component in its various manufacturing process, therefore locals based near the factory are mostly recruited. For instance, as shown in the annual reports, â€Å"Coca Cola Amatil Limited employs approximately fifteen thousand people across the group† (Coca Cola Amatil Limited 2013, p. 75). Ultimately, unemployment rate in an economy is maintained which further leads to economic growth. In addition, alongside employment, a few sugary drinks are beneficial for the people. Such drinks are energy drinks which contain vitamins and proteins in it such as Powerade, V-drink and Mother. Players consume these energy drinks while training, before playing and also after playing to be energized. In the case of Fiji Marist 7s tournament, â€Å"Coca Cola Amatil Limited providing the Powerade dinks that replenishes electrolytes, carbohydrates and vitamins during physical activity† (Kumar 2013, p. 45). Hence, sugary energy drinks are highly valuable for the strength of the players. Furthermore, choice of drinks is sighted as a personal right. Every citizen of a country has the full rights and freedom to choose what they want to consume regardless of the drawbacks. In other words, a person cannot be turned away from others decisions. To illustrate, according to David, â€Å"I criticize Conly’s defense of the soft drink ban and offer my own view of the justification for paternalise food and beverage policies† (Resnik 2014). Therefore, choosing between the various types of drinks to consume is entirely dependable on a person itself. However, there is another side to this argument. It is evenly important to recognize the arguments against regulating sugary drinks. This essay discusses the arguments against sugary drinks. Equally, a major reason for regulating sugary drinks is to prevent non-communicable diseases among children. Daily consumption of sugary drinks leads to weight gain, poor diet and health and tooth decay in children. Meanwhile, there is less control of sugar level which leads to diabetes. Children are too young to suffer from such non-communicable diseases. For example, A thoughtful redesign of a school environment with changes to school dietary options, implementation of reduction of access to sugary soft drinks resulted in a deadline in the prevalence of overweight from 20. 8% in the 2004-2005 school years to 20. 4% in 2005-2006 (Environmental Health Perspective 2009, p. 159). Thus, making amendments to access of sugary drinks in schools will avert non-communicable diseases. Moreover, another reason for regulating sugary drinks is to reduce pollution in an economy. A greater manufacturing process of soft drinks in a factory produces toxic wastes into the community which harms the lives of the people living near the factory. This includes environmental as well as marine pollution. It can cause skin rashes, ulcers and respiratory problems. Also, food from marine sources will affect the health such as upset stomach. An example would be that â€Å"The Non Government Organization found high levels of toxic chromium and other pollutants in the soil and water around five Coca Cola and Pepsico plants in northern India† (Googleschorlar 2010). Thus, regulating sugary drinks reduces the risks of ones life that is affected by pollution. Finally, regulating sugary drinks helps a government minimize its health care costs. Higher health care costs directly cause increase in health insurance, hence minimizing the costs, helps the government use the remaining funds in the other ministry departments. As revealed by the Vice President of Fiji, Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi, in a recent announcement that â€Å"the government expenditure has steadily increased over the years to an alarming level and at a cost of two million dollars to health services† (International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 2007, p. 538) As a result, the expenditures of the government need to be adhered to and decreased. In conclusion, the essay discussed the reasons for and against sugary drinks and why the government should not and should regulate it. In contrast, regulating sugary drinks are more important. Regulating sugary drinks is of more importance because it creates non-communicable diseases, pollution and adds costs to the health care system. The government should make sure that its citizen is ardent in taking care of their health. If the public continues to limit their consumption of sugary drinks, then the nation would be able to combat the tribulations of sugary drinks.

Ornette Coleman Paper Essay Example for Free

Ornette Coleman Paper Essay Ornette Coleman is one of the most influential artists in jazz and considered an American icon and legend. There are not many musicians that emerge who dramatically changed the way we listen to music. Ornette Coleman was of the major innovators of free jazz as well as a great saxophonist and composer. Coleman’s bluesy, playful music revolutionized jazz by ignoring regular harmonies and rhythm. He even created his own theory â€Å"harmolodic† and applied it to rock instrumental in his group Prime Time. The musician’s new style helped to regenerate jazz by allowing for the genre to go into a new direction and be placed for his music to be placed in a group of major 20th century composers. This paper will discuss how Ornette Coleman borrowed from the world of jazz to influence concert hall compositions. Ornette Coleman was a revolutionary saxophone player who expanded contemporary boundaries of music. He gained those remarkable skills by teaching himself how to play saxophone at the age of 14 and by playing with musicians in local rhythm and blues bars while growing up in Fort Worth, Texas in the late 1940s and early ‘50s. Some of his legends include Charlie Parker and two local musicians in Fort Worth Ben Martin and Reed Connors. Coleman loved Charlie Parker and bebop and thought of it as the most advanced collective way of playing a melody and at the same time improvising. Parker taught Coleman many lessons especially about the quality of what he could play and knowing the audience (Ratliff 63). The musician decided to travel to L.A. and played in various establishments. He eventually made his way to New York with his first band having a good sense of melody and ideas of playing without any preconceived chord changes (Ratliff 55). People thought of him as a genius and others denounced him as a charlatan. His music was considered controversial for instance in his quartet th ey had no chordal instruments such as the piano. Listeners said his music was radically rejecting jazz traditions, but a few praised him and said the music was an extension of the historical practice (Martin,Waters). As he was traveling  in RB jazz bands across the country, he switched back and forth between alto and tenor sax. Resistance was normal for Coleman, and he was use to being fired. In 1950, he wrote an unpublished book that deals with a theory that melody has nothing to do with harmony, chords, or key centers. In 1958, he formed his own band that was established on a mode of playing which no one player had the lead but anyone could come out and play at any time. Beginning in 1959, Coleman and his quartet went to New York and developed the concept of free jazz (George-Warren and Pareles). Free jazz and improvised music did away with any of the strict forms of jazz and classic music such as tonality, chord changes, formal shape and structure, etc. Coleman was put into the category along with Cecil Taylor and Albert Ayler, and they abolished the traditional hierarchy of instrumentation in jazz, classical rock, and pop allowing for any instrument to be equal in improvising. Many performers were encouraged by these individuals to go beyond the regular technique to develop â€Å"extended† techniques (Cox, Warner 252). Coleman’s group debut in New York was unlike anything anyone had ever heard. The bassist or drummer did not function in a conventional rhythm sense, and there was no piano to provide chordal harmonies. When Coleman played with his group, they did not have any idea what the end result would be. The group was even able to get the attention and approval from conductor-composer Leonard Bernstein and composer Virgil Thompson along with other writers and painters (Europe Jazz Network). Each player in his group contributed what he felt in the music at any moment, and each member is not told what to do but play what they hear in the piece themselves. He also stated that in a sense that there is no start or finish to any of his music, but there is a continued expression, continually evolving strands of thoughts that link all of his compositions together (Coxer, Warner 254). Other things that summarized Coleman’s style of music include: fragmented, pointed melodies, melodic connections based on motive structure and large-scale gestures and abstract relations among pitches, little or no use of conventional harmony and voice leading, but solos often have loose shifting tonal centers, variety of melodic rhythm, nasal insistent tone, loose rhythms, use of middle and upper range o n instrument, passionate expression, and deviation from standard intonation (Martin, Waters 271). Coleman started to explore different music possibilities by mixing and  extending elements of honky-tonk, blues, funk and bebop in areas of harmony, rhythm and the melodic structure. His musical styles alienated him from the jazz world that musicians walked off the stage when he showed up for a show. His new innovations later became known as â€Å"harmolodic†, which helped change jazz by pointing it in a direction away from the musical styles of bebop, but also established a place in a group of major 20th century composers such as Charlie Parker, Harry Partch, Charles Ives, and John Cage (Europe Jazz Network). From 1962 to 1965, Coleman withdrew himself from the spotlight and taught himself to play the trumpet and violin. He began to turn his attention to writing compositions for various musical forms such as woodwind quintets, chamber orchestras, string quartets, symphonic works and vocal works. This is the point in his life where his music began to affect the concert hall. The first public performance of one his pieces was the string quartet piece Dedicated to Poets and Writers. Performances of some of his works are scarce and have not been performed or recorded. The release of his two pieces Saints and Soldiers and Space Flight performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra cleared the way for his most famous piece Skies of America symphonic suite. The piece is scored for jazz ensemble and orchestra and debuted in 1972 at Newport in New York Festival and recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra (George-Warren and Pareles). This work stands as Coleman’s harmolodic manifesto. There are some themes that people can recognize. Coleman enters the scene halfway through the piece with his saxophone during â€Å"The Artist in America†. His modulations have a fresh, sometimes abrupt sound as a result of movement of the melody and the chords. There are a number of different c hord changes which are considered correct even though it does not sound correct. Throughout the piece the works of Charles Ives comes to mind with the jumble of melodies and heavy densities. The entire work introduced his â€Å"harmolody† theory in which harmonies, rhythms, and melodies function independently and equally (George-Warren and Pareles). The theory relates to the use of similar melodic material in different clefs and keys, producing a texture of predominately parallel motion (Martin, Waters 271). He wanted to be like famous musicians George Gershwin, Duke Ellington, and Charles Mingus so that he could help break down boundaries between â€Å"modern jazz† and â€Å"serious concert† music. Coleman translates his ability as an improviser into orchestral terms. With his  orchestral works, he was able to create a peculiar timbre and certain licks unlike any other composer writing orchestral works. During the 1970s Coleman’s musical horizons continued to expand. He formed the group Prime Time which incorporated rock and funk rh ythms and melodic fragments similar to RB music along with its harmonic possibilities. The free jazz/classical composer now created dance music that combined elements of jazz, funk, RB, and rock with an unusual mix of instruments two guitarists, two drummers, two bassists, Coleman on the sax, violin, and trumpet. This group’s music included multi-layered melodies, polytonal and polyrhythmic textures which were defined as harmolodics. This style shaped more music other than jazz, and Coleman’s music influenced affected many rock musicians during the 70s especially Frank Zappa (Europe Jazz Network). While Coleman influenced rock musicians, he continued to diversify his music and became interested in African cultures. He traveled throughout Africa with Prime Time and created a new album Dancing in Your Head featuring field recordings with the group while they were working with tribal musicians in Morocco. In the 1980s Coleman revised and completed Skies of America after being commissioned by Caravan of Dreams, an arts center that opened in his hometown of Fo rt Worth, Texas. Coleman continued to write for all instrumentation and group sizes. He continued compositions for the concert hall such as the Meet the Modern series and The Sacred Mind of Johnny Dolphin. His group Prime Time eventually mixed ac (Martin and Waters)oustic and electric instruments. In 1993, his most monumental recordings from Atlantic were released in a box set entitled Beauty Is a Rare Thing. He went on to be inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters and was featured by the New York Lincoln Center which hosted a festival of his works featuring a performance of the Skies of America by the New York Philharmonic and surviving members of his band Prime Time (Europe Jazz Network). One of the greatest jazz artist and composer of all time is Ornette Coleman who influenced music for the concert hall and popular music genres such as jazz and rock and roll. His music for the concert hall was innovative and creative as stayed true to his artistic style and capabilities. One of his most influential pieces for the concert hall was Skies of America which helped blend many different styles of music into an orchestral work. Individuals were influenced by his pioneering work in  creating free jazz and the use of improvisation styles as well as his newly created harmolodic theory. Coleman was not afraid to step out on the limb to perform and create music without boundaries and that did not follow the traditional Western theory practices. He did receive a lot of criticism for his approach but affected and changed many by his abilities. Bibliography Cox, Christoph and Daniel Warner. Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music. Change of the Century. New York: The Contiuum International Publishing Group, 2004. Europe Jazz Network Musicians . 20 February 2010 http://www.ejn.it/mus/coleman.htm. George-Warren, Holly and Jon Pareles. Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock And Roll. Ornette Coleman. Boston: Simon Schuster , 2001. Martin, Henry and Keith Waters. Jazz: the frst 100 years. Belmont: Thomas Schirmer, 2006. Music, The Jazz Ear: Conversations Over. Ratliff, Ben. I Know Who You Are Ornette Coleman. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 2008.

The Concept Of Evidence Based Practice Social Work Essay

The Concept Of Evidence Based Practice Social Work Essay Introduction This essay aims to identify and critically appraise evidence of whether social intervention improve outcome for depression in British Pakistani women. I will analyse whether social intervention can lead to improve mental wellbeing, empowerment and individual growth. I will analyse the value emphasis of therapeutic social support in mental health. The context of social work practice in mental health is complex, therefore social work intervention has to have an ethical and value based framework. I will assess the theoretical basis for standardise practice. The statutory changes in Britain to consider the fundamental values position incorporated in recent policies and legislation will be examined. Define the concept of evidence based practice Evidence based practice (EBP) according to Sackett (1997) citied in Gray et al (2009: 119) connotes a process of improving professional judgement through the conscientious and judicious integration and synthesis of well-researched empirical evidence to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of intervention in enhancing service users outcomes and how this can be integrated into practice context to improve service delivery and professional accountability (Department of Health Service and Public Safety, 2012) (Gray, Plath, Webb, 2009) (Sheppard, 2004) (Corby, 2006). It gives a framework for analysing the situation and generating a number of possible options (Thompson N., 2000, p. 35). (Mathews Crawford, 2011) suggested that practitioners must think critically and reflect on research evidence for credibility, completeness and transferability to inform professional judgement as this an implication for policy makers, professionals, communities and service users. The impetus for EBP within social work is underpinned on the centrality on service users best interest to guide practice that is culturally sensitive and of significance to service users within the dynamic context of practice, legislation and social policy (Bolton, 2002). EBP therefore necessitates social workers reflexivity of how values, theoretical assumptions, policies, past experiences and the context in which practice takes place combine with service users perspective, preferences, and culture to guide and inform practice (Munro, 2002:10). This is to account for the multifaceted personal, cultural and social dimensions of service users (Webber Nathan, 2010) Select an aspect of social work What interest me in this topic is the gap which exist in providing culturally sensitive support to black and ethnic minority group with depression. The evidence available suggest that individual with mental health distress including depression are the most marginalised and excluded groups in society (Stepney Ford, 2001). Additionally, the prevalence of depression in black and minority ethnic (BME) and in particular women from Pakistani background in Britain, underlines the importance of supporting statutory and voluntary initiatives directed towards meeting their needs (Husain, Creed, Tomenson, 1997) (Gater, et al., 2009). (Miranda, et al., 2003) noted the gap in evidence based for social intervention. Drawing on their practice experiences and appropriate evidence Within the context of community voluntary mental health services, their diverse types of evidence that informs practice and policy and social workers have an ethical obligation in the choice of theories and model of working. In my practice, a systems approach is emphasised in understanding the interplay and multiplicity of service users context. Psychodynamic approach is concerned with how perceptions of needs, stigma and stereotypical assumptions motivate human behaviour including help seeking, disclosure of sensitive information. Past experiences are seen as central in the problems individual experience and used in understanding the dynamics of the helping relationship. Social learning theory suggests behaviours are influenced by service users socio-cultural context. For example help seeking behaviour is influenced and reinforced by stigma and service delivery Therefore cognitive- behavioural therapy is emphasised by understanding the role perceptions in help seeking. Therefore through interaction, modelling service users perception is influenced. Conflict theory is invaluable in understanding cultural conflicts, stigma and oppression, power imbalance. As noted in Saleeby (1996) the strength perspective is intrinsic to social work values of service users involvement, and respecting individual as having strengths The feminist perspective takes into account the role of gender and the historical lack of power experienced by women. Collaborative relationship is emphasised between the social worker and service user through equality and empowerment. Through empirical observation using randomised controlled trial, Gater, et al (2010) investigated the effective of Social intervention for British Pakistani women with depression. It sought to explain the cause and effect, to predict and control reality, and to create unambiguous objective truth that can be proven or disproved to inform the effectiveness of intervention and policies implementation. Qualitative data used to understand individuals social reality within their socio- cultural context which questions cultural assumptions, discrimination and oppression and the implication and significance in implementation. This can be used to conceptualise service users perspective regarding intervention and polices implications, their needs and perceptions about current polices and interventions. The problem solving model focuses on understanding service users in their context and working in partnership. In a cross sectional study, prevalence of depression amongst women of Pakistani origin was twice as high compare to white European women (Gater, et al., 2009). (Campbell McLean, 2002) suggested that social capital resources is embedded in within social networks and improve recovery. An alternative explanatory framework for the prevalence of depression in Pakistani women in mental health statistics has been the social constructive perspective. This perspective encompasses help seeking behaviour. There are some evidenced based interventions that have been proven to help people recovery from depression. The randomized control trial study by (Harris, Brown, Robinson, Befriending as an intervention for chronic depression among women in an inner city: Randomised control trail, 1999) found that befriending schemes are beneficial in improving recovery. This is to counter the criticisms of institutional racism and cultural assumptions in the delivery of mental health services to black and ethnic minority groups (Gould, 2010). Phillip Rack (1982) cited in (Gould, 2010): 40 proposed a Culturally attuned approach that used insight This intervention is central to social work values of respecting and valuing uniqueness and diversity and recognising and building strengths. Social intervention involves aspects of partnership and include and emphasis on the impact of environmental pressures on individuals and therefore can be invaluable in anti-discriminatory work with service users in offering empowerment and dealing with structural oppression (Ahmad B. , 1990, p. 51). He also noted the importance of importance of qualitative research in exploring these issues (Ahmad W. , 1995). This social intervention included specific target groups. It uses an approach that included education and/or direct contact with people who are depressed. Social intervention provides social workers with a structural appreciation of the nature of social problems (Gould, 2010, p. 60) (Harris, 2010) social support and depression Reconnection of hope through therapeutic encounter Psychosocial and cognitive therapies have now been included in clinical practice guidelines. However, there remain considerable problems with black and ethnic minority accessing these services. Research has shown a consistent relationship between mental illness and indicators of social disadvantages (Fryers, Melzer, Jenkins, 2003). Thus, development of strategies to support help seeking and treatment is needed. (Mathews Crawford, 2011) (Orme Shemmings, 2010) (Smith, 2004) (Gask, Aseem, Waquas, Waheed, 2011) qualitative thematic analysis (social isolation) family conflict, social cultural factors, psychosocial factors Identify what can be learned from the evidence In Gater,et al (2010) Social intervention for British Pakistani women with depression: randomised controlled trial, Participants social functioning and depression were signi ¬Ã‚ cantly improved. Given the prevalence of depression (Gater, et al., 2009) in this group and the under-representation amongst people able to access supportive services, this presents an important development. In relation to improving participants engagement qualitative studies have found the debilitating effect of stigma as a signi ¬Ã‚ cant barrier for accessing support (Livingston Boyd, 2010) (Mak, Poon, Pun, Cheung, 2007). Stigma is understood as the interplay of individuals social identity and socio-cultural dynamics in which individuals with mental health are discriminated against and socially excluded due to stereotypical assumption (Lam, 2008). This  ¬Ã‚ nding is consistent with the evidence regarding social support interventions in (Harris, A stress-vunerability model of mental health disorder: implications for practice, 2010). However, there is a gap of how stigma associated with mental illness can be reduced. The study was of high research quality, which indicates a reduced risk of biasness and confounding. A major limitation of this study is heterogeneity amongst the sample, that only 123 participants and increase in social functioning is limited to only 3 months. Therefore, the medium to long-term effects of social intervention within this group remain largely unknown. Another research gap is the absence of a dynamic medication adherence related studies aimed at this group, which have been identi ¬Ã‚ ed as important for achieving adherence and better outcome for depression (Miranda, et al., 2003). Addressing the resistance from family members around issue of confidentiality and stigma amongst this population may be best accomplished through culturally appropriate communication strategies that facilities warm and empathy and social capital. In contrast, the research suggests that social intervention although it improves depression in the short run will not achieve meaningful improvements in the long run without antidepressant. (Department of Health, 2007) emphasises partnership working, respect for diversity, strengths and aspirations and service users centred. Its focus on effectiveness, accountability and personal development are congruent with the principles of evidence based practice. (Slade, 2009) noted that personal recovery is a challenging and contested concept within the domain of empirical evidence. The multi facet level of mental illness is evident in the definition of mental health, the impact of treatment and the social consequences. However, (Resnick, Fontana, Lehman, RA, 2005) highlighted that empowerment, hope and optimism, knowledge and life satisfaction outcome that are central to the recovery model allows the prevalence of recovery to be investigated empirically. (Gould, 2010) As stated in (Gater, et al., 2009), an epidemiology of depression that accounts for social support and social difficulties is critical. Social context of depression Nonetheless, depression is associated with important negative consequences, such as social exclusion, low self-esteem. Social exclusion according to (Hills, LeGrand, Piachaud, 2004)should be conceptualise in the context of the personal, cultural and structural dimension and highlighted lack of social interaction as a form of social exclusion. Attuned to cultural beliefs and norms Social and inclusive practice have been developed and reinforced by the Capabilities for Inclusive Practice (Department of Health , 2007) report: working in partnership, respecting diversity. Assessment requires service users participation and access to information to make informed choice. This model of assessment has to be cultural sensitive and proactive in nature. Psychosocial assessment Although social support is frequently referred to as beneficial in relation to depression, there has been little attempt to specify what this means and to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to reduce isolation. (Tew, 2004) Partnership working is crucial in adopting a social model of intervention. Culturally sensitive practice. (Gater, Waheed, Husain, Tomenson, Aseem, Creed, 2010) (Webber W. , 2011) Research indicates that (Oakley, Strange, Toroyan, Wiggins, Roberts, Stephenson, 2003) Mental health is practice within a context of multi-disciplinary collaboration to integrate the bio-psychosocial model of practice. The implementation of EBP within this context has to account for the theoretical assumptions that underpin this area of practice. This involves training and supervision. Research by (Huxley, et al., 2005) indicated stress of workers as accounting for their lack of implementing EBP. noted that another reason for EBP not been implemented is due to stereotypical assumptions that black and ethnic minorities prefer informal support than support from professional. One barrier to effective assessment and intervention for depression epidemiology Another barrier is the reluctance of ethnic minority group to share their emotional symptoms due to family pressure and perceive stigma. To overcome these barriers, social intervention that accounts for social capital is crucial. EBP therefore requires practice that is needs not resources leads if services are to be provided that are of sound professional judgement. Perceptions about depression and stigma have been empirically supported in experimental, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to worsen depression and affect interpersonal outcome and social support (Thomsen, 2006). Analysis and reflective process of data collection, the transparencies about the relational nature of the research, and the ways which service users perspective are constructed through a respectful partnership and reflexivity of how our values, theoretical assumptions, policies, past experiences and the context in which practice takes place. Trust and openness in research relationship a reciprocal process right- based analytical approach (Department of Health, 2008) ethical and critical engage that with respectful uncertainties that reflect on the process of engagement and analysis Mutual and sincere collaboration, over time respectful uncertainties Using multiple data sources to account for publication biasness and multiple perspectives and ways of knowing Acknowledgement of complexities of realities Use of reflexivity focus on contexts of and relationships between researcher and researched as shaping the creation of knowledge. Ethical consideration in knowledge (Gask, Aseem, Waquas, Waheed, 2011) understanding how symptoms are expressed and perceive. Understanding emotional expressiveness within cultural context. Conclusion In conclusion, social intervention has highlighted strategies that have demonstrated some success for improving help seeking. Given the complexities and multi facet dimension of individual experiences and the context in which needs occurs, it is imperative that the uniqueness of individual is taken into account within the paradigm of culturally competent practice (Dalrymple and Burke, 2006). In addition, Social Work practice draws on theoretical knowledge from social sciences, which are usually Eurocentric, it is essential, that Social Work practice integrate knowledge from best evidence for it to meet it ethical obligation to counter oppressive and discriminatory practice (Thompson N. , 2003) (Webber W. , 2011). (Thompson N. 2003)

Global Problems :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Global Problems and Non-Governmental Organizations Paper Women’s Issues The topic that I chose for this paper is women’s issues. Throughout history women have been struggling for equality and recognition. Today we have just about reached our goal. In order to maintain this equality, organizations were created to keep women and men involved in the issues that pertain to women today. In my essay I will discuss the actions of two large non-governmental organizations that deal with women’s issues. I will also add my opinion on certain issues and discuss how they are important in today’s society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first organization that I chose to research is called Face To Face. â€Å"The mission of Face To Face is to give voice to the millions of women who were denied basic human rights and freedoms.† The goal of Face To Face is to increase global awareness that women’s rights are infact human rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the issues that Face To Face deals with are HIV/AIDS awareness, family planning, female genital mutilation (FGM), maternal health, and population. The organization gives people the opportunity to voice their problems and learn about the rights that are available to them. They are also given suggestions on how to take care of their problem or if the case, where to take care of their problems. For example, in Africa, millions of women a year undergo female genital mutilation against their will because of custom and tradition. The African government doesn’t even take a stand on FGM, but â€Å"Face To Face lets women know that the women in Africa do have the right to personal security including freedom from domestic and war violence and sexual coercion.† I feel that this is an extremely important aspect of the organization. Since To Face is an international organization, they have the power to reach all different types of women with all different types of issues and are able to assist them to understand the details of their situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Face To Face calls on celebrities to represent them so that women will recognize that even celebrities can relate to their issues. This is a good idea because many women, especially adolescents look up to some celebrities as role models. It helps the organization to become widely known and gives it the ability to inform more people on the issues currently affecting women all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Face To Face takes action by creating programs such as advertising campaigns, exhibitions, television documentaries and ballets.

Response to Davidsons Africa in History :: World History

Response to Davidson's Africa in History Africa, steeped in history, is often known as the "cradle of civilization." Civilization was most greatly nurtured during the Pleistocene era. The history pre-, proto-, and fully human unfolds mostly during the Pleistocene era. Stone tools caused an increase in population throughout Africa because of knowledge of fire, knowing how to carry burdens and live in caves (9). Around 10,000 B.C., Neanderthals, last of the hominids, disappeared and home sapiens took over (9,10). Between 5500 and 2500 B.C. there was a Makalian 'wet phase' where there was a great mixing of people, plenty of fish, wildlife and trees. The author seems to believe in the authenticity of early African history. He dismisses the "Hamitic hypothesis" as "great nonsense" (ll,l2). The "Hamitic hypothesis" stated that the Hamites (Caucasians) were responsible for any process in history identifiable in Africa. The hypothesis stated that Negroes were too primitive to embark on any such processes of history (l2). >P> The first great civilization of Africa took place in Egypt. Egyptians started 3round the delta and were part of the Saharan Sudanese culture (l5). They became strong because they knew when the Nile River floods were coming and could cultivate their land with rich soil (13). The Egyptians built many notable stone monuments and created a pharaonic monarchy. For many centuries they were supreme military fighters and ruled Northern Africa through the Old, Middle and Late Kingdoms. During the Late Kingdom Egypt came under attack by the Kushites (33). Egyptians weren't able to defend themselves well in part because of lack of iron tools. Egyptians did not see iron as significant military weapons. Iron was seen as curiosity pieces for the pharaohs (37). Consequently, Kushites briefly became the dominant power in Africa. Quite often scholars argued that the Egyptians of the Pharaonic Age were not black. This is an argument that the author argues "as little tenable as saying Serbers and Ethiopians weren't Negro" (25,26). My opinion is that scholars would not care if the Egyptians were black if they weren't such an important civilization. Africa produced many significant civilizations such as the Egyptian, Songhay, Mali and Ethiopian but would see the fruits of labor manipulated and tortured during the Atlantic slave trade. Slavery marks one of the worst but important tragedies that beset my ancestors. The Atlantic Trade consisted mainly of slaves, firearms, gold, spices and indigo.

Mona Lisa’s Smile: Single-sex Education for Girls Essay -- Movies Femi

Mona Lisa’s Smile: Single-sex Education for Girls â€Å"Men Are from Mars - Women Are from Venus,† it is the title of a bestseller book, which tells us how different boys and girls are. Single-sex education was introduced because of the huge differences, and it once flourished in the United States. Since the 1970s, however, it began to be regarded with a degree of suspicion. Many girls’ schools closed or amalgamated and the trend towards co-education continued to spread. Until nowadays, the debate between single-sex education and coeducation still carries on. Single-sex education benefits girls especially, by offering equally rigorous academic opportunities, and helping them cultivate leadership and greater confidence; yet it also creates over-confidence and social problems. Thus a real solution is to offer â€Å"single-sex classrooms at coed schools†, which combines the advantages of both single-sex education and coeducation. The huge differences between boys and girls provide the foundation of single-sex education, and especially for girls, whose potential is not fully nurtured in an elitist male education system. Among a great number of gender differences, girls differ most distinctively from boys in brain and learning style. Many studies demonstrate sex differences in the structure of the brain. According to researchers at Johns Hopkins, â€Å"the higher association cortex, the part of the brain thought to be responsible for our most complex boystal operations, is markedly asymmetric in boys but not in girls; and in boys, the area is larger on the left, whereas to the extent that there was asymmetry in the brain, girls' association cortex is larger on the right.† ( qtd. in NASSPE 3) . In another study, L. S. Allen and R. A. Gorsk... ...g environment. Meanwhile, they could socialize with guy friends at coed schools, which will prepare them for later entering into society much better than had they not interacted with boys at girls’ schools. Admittedly, this â€Å"single-sex classrooms at coed schools† education is not perfect, but it makes the most of both single-sex education and coeducation. It might be the future of single-sex education. Works Cited Gu, Tong. Telephone interview. 1 December 2004. Grà ¶n, Georg et al. â€Å"Brain activation during human navigation: gender-different neural networks as substrate of performance.† Nature neuroscience. April 2000, 3(4):404-408. National Association for Single Sex Public Education (NASSPE). Brain Differences. January 2002. . The National Coalition of Girls’ Schools (NCGS). Benefits of Attending. December 2004. < http://www.ncgs.org/type0.php?pid=16>.

History of fashion in 1920s

History Of Fashion In The Twenties How the women and fashion changed? In sass fashion history, the initial break with the traditional styles stemmed from the inspiration drawn from the Aesthetic and Rational Dress Reform Movements of the late 19th century. Exciting theatrical costume designs which broke the rules also paved the way for more relaxed dressing. This was all fast forwarded during the war years and led to the major changes in construction of clothes and undergarments for the remainder of the century. Prohibition, the proliferation of Jazz, and the development of mass media were the hallmarks of the sass.Youth was at a premium because so many young people were killed during the war. As a result, teenagers had a new freedom that they used to usher in the Afro-influenced Jazz age. Clara Bow, Louise Brooks, Rudolf Valentine, and Josephine Baker were popular stars of the time, personifying many of the modern ideals. For women, face, figure, coiffure, posture and grooming becam e important fashion factors in addition to clothing. In particular, cosmetics became a major industry. Glamour was now an important fashion trend, due to the influence of the motion picture industry and the famous female movie stars.The sass saw the emergence of three major women's fashion magazines: Vogue, The Queen, and Harpers Bazaar. Vogue was first published in 1892, but its up-to-date fashion information did not have a marked impact on women's desires for fashionable garments until the ass's. These magazines provided mass exposure for popular styles and fashions. During the early sass, waistlines were at the waist, but were loose and not fitted. Women wore suits with long hemlines and somewhat full skirts, often with belts at the waist of the Jackets.Dress and suit bodices alike were worn loose, even baggy. By 923, waistlines began to drop to a point between the natural waist and hips, while styles continued to be loose and baggy. In 1924 the waistline dropped to the hip. In 1 925, â€Å"shift† type dresses with no waistline emerged. At the end of the decade, dresses were being worn with straight bodices and collars. Tucks at the bottom of the bodices were popular, as well as knife-pleated skirts with a hem approximately one inch below the knee. In 1928, styles changed again! Hemlines rose to the knee and dresses became more fitted.These changes laid the foundation for the elegantly styled fashions of the sass. Many garments of the sass fastened with buttons. The closer-fitting flapper- style dresses fastened with a continuous lap, usually applied to the left side seam of the garment. Hooks and eyes, buttons, or snaps were all utilized to fasten the lap. The zipper, first patented in 1893, was not utilized in garments until the latter part of the decade. It was originally known as a â€Å"locker†, and did not receive its current name until 1926. It was not widely used until the late sass.Cotton and wool were the abundant fabrics of the decad e. Silk was highly desired for its luxurious qualities, but the limited supply made it expensive. In 1891, â€Å"artificial silk† was first made from a solution of cellulose in France. After being patented in the United States, the first American plant began production of this new fabric in 1910. In 1924 this fiber became known as rayon. Rayon stockings became popular in the sass as a substitute for silk stockings. Rayon was also used in undergarments. Women, celebrating such liberties as the right to vote in , were now more daring than ever before.It was considered fun to smoke, visit speakeasies, wear makeup, swear, and otherwise shock conventional thinkers. In 1927 when short skirts were all the age; young women strove to show off their knees with increasing abandon. Many girls even rolled down their stockings and painted rouge on their knees in an effort to emulate a â€Å"naughty schoolgirl† look. The foot also became a focal point of fashion. Shoe styles were inf luenced by crazes like the Charleston, a dance that demented a securely fastened shoe with a low heel and closed toe.A single-bar pump with a pointed toe, high-wasted heel, and one tiny covered button was the most common style. High tongued, cutaway decorated, crossover, and t-straps were other popular elements. The curiosity for exotic arts and culture was fueled by the discovery of Egyptian King Tutankhamen tomb in 1922. Egyptian themes appeared in everything from furniture to clothing. Shoes also reflected this theme. Bright fabrics and brilliantly dyed leather – including metallic – were used to create some of the most exciting shoes ever seen.The heels were often works of art themselves. The late sass saw the adoption of two-toned spectators for men, perfect with the popular knickers. In the ass, men were still in a conservative mood. The wide trousers were still worn, sometimes as wide as 24 inches at the bottom! The knickers and ‘plus fours' were popular w ith sporty types, and were buckled 4†³ below the knee (hence the name ‘plus fours'). Light colors were favored in summer, but darker and animal fur was favored when the weather got cold.By now all the college boys were wearing the popular raccoon coat, and some of the women were too. The following are the events that affected fashion in sass and even today: Channel's pioneering Jersey sweater and pleated skirt. Ensembles are now accepted as easy wear. Debutante Daisy Fellows challenges convention wearing black when presented to the Queen at Bucking Palace instead of the traditional white. Ђ Dress Essentials magazine features scarves among accessories; color coordination becomes a conscious feature of the average woman's wardrobe. Ђ The Prince of Wales now orders all his trousers to be made with cuffs, and (unlike his father) wears suits in town. East European folk embroideries inspire the peasant look in women's Soviet Atelier of Fashion is formed. Wear. Bobbed ha ir becomes the rage. Tunisia takes off with â€Å"Tutankhamen† overzealous, Egyptian colors, scarab and lotus Jewelry, etc. The Textile Color Card Association of the United States is formed, n attempt to establish a standard system of colors identified by numbers. First feature on the â€Å"little black dress†. Ђ â€Å"Oxford bags† are worn by young graduates. The hemline is the shortest in history. US production of rayon viscose reaches 53 million pounds for the year. Vogue's More masculine elements enter female dress. The severely short â€Å"Eaton crop† haircut ousts bobbed hair. Jeanne Lanolin opens first boutique for men. Patent leather shoes are new. Nancy Canard, wearing African bangles to the elbows, is photographed by Man Ray. The press declares â€Å"fever chart† hemlines. Hat brims return to fashion. The first of Schizophrenia's tromped Leila sweaters are a resounding success. Ђ Men's Dress Reform Party is founded in Britain. A n ew femininity: hemlines are now longer for drawer, as well as evening. In Conclusion, Fashion was made available to a broader sector of the public as a result of modern retail policies and the idea that consumerism meant emancipation. Lighter garments of simpler cut and the electrification of the factories also made mass production possible. In many ways, the twenties established the themes and marketing policies that would be developed in the post-World War II period and that are so familiar to us today.

Bmw Strategy

backcloth The Munich based Bayerische Motoren Werke AG(BMW) auto company grew into one of the jumper lead automobile producers in the world by the 1990s, and radically changed the way BMW was handling entry process management at its automobile division. Goals To develop and demonstrate exceptional skills in constantly creating and capturing value, through its purposes and development of fresh merchandises. Actions(Actual Ideas) The clean induction management dodge was developed and implemented in the 1990s.Let innovation be the driving force for its product development process throughout the previous(a) 1990s. BMWs innovative outline- Based on four main(prenominal) pillars In-house R&D and investments in semipermanent and risky projectspic pic Establishing an innovation culture and working environment bluff innovation Appropriability Strategy Results(Benefits) (1)BMW was up to(p) to work various path breaking expert innovations, right from the idea generation fix up t o the commercialise introduction stage. (2)The company was able to develop continuous stream of new products and brands. 3)BMW successfully withstood competitive pressures and held on to its market position, and established itself as one of the confidential information players in the premium segment of the global automobile market. (4)BMW was awarded the Outstanding Corporate Innovator(OCI) title for 2002 by the Product Development & perplexity Association(PDMA). Innovative concepts and technologies Efficient Dynamics The semipermanent energy strategy of the BMW Group innovations for get down consumption. It is the most effective concept worldwide for ensuring the long-term sustainability of individual mobility, and it is the framework for uaranteeing the ecological, frugal and social viability of our future. The Efficient Dynamics strategy is based on four main approaches or pillars to promote sustainability. The first is center on the optimisation of petrol and diesel engines to achieve better fuel consumption, and this as well as includes steps to optimise lightweight construction, aerodynamics and energy management. The three other pillars argon hybridisation and electrification of vehicle power trains and the long-term use of regenerative hydrogen as a source of fuel. Connected drive BMW ConnectedDrive offers customers options and solutions that stern be ordered for all BMW models, from the 1 Series to the 7 Series, in selected markets close to the world. Connectivity to web servers, Real-Time Traffic information in combination with a networked sailing system, the integration of vehicle-specific apps with mobile end devices, the BMW Head-Up pageant or the Emergency Call rifle these and other features of BMW ConnectedDrive offer drivers everywhere a host of incomparable mobility services.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Nine

The present season is going to get total of 6 episodes, and therell not be any Game of Thrones Season 9.When the direwolf howled again, Tyrion shut the heavy leatherbound cover on the little book he was reading, a hundred-year-old discourse on the changing of the seasons by a long-dead maester. He covered a yawn with the own back of his hand. His reading lamp was flickering, its oil all but gone, as dawn light leaked through the high windows. He had been at it all night, great but that was nothing new.This can be a game to play on your own or keyword with individuals.A life of the Grand Maester Aethelmure, no wonder. â€Å"Chayle,† he said softly. The young man jerked up, blinking, confused, the crystal of his order swinging wildly on its silver chain. â€Å"Im off to complete break my fast.

It is famous in order to keep for filming scenes.Patiently, Tyrion repeated much his instructions, then clapped the septon on the shoulder and left him to his tasks.Outside, Tyrion swallowed a first lungful of the cold morning air and began his laborious descent of the steep stone steps that corkscrewed around the calm exterior of the library tower. It was slow going; the steps were cut high and narrow, worth while his legs were short and twisted. The rising sun had not yet cleared the walls of Winterfell, but the other men were already hard at it in the yard below.Tyrion makes the decision.â€Å"At least he dies quietly,† the prince replied. â€Å"Its the gray wolf that makes the noise. I could scarce sleep last night.†Clegane cast a long shadow across the hard-packed earth as his squire lowered the black helm over his head.

Tyrion hopped off the prior next step on the lawn.The notion seemed to delight the prince. â€Å"Send a dog to kill a dog!† he exclaimed. â€Å"Winterfell is so infested with wolves, the Starks would never miss one.†Tyrion hopped off the last step onto the yard."The very small lord Tyrion," he explained.â€Å"A voice extract from nowhere,† Sandor said. He peered through his helm, looking this way and that. â€Å"Spirits of the air!†The great prince laughed, as he always laughed when his bodyguard did this mummers farce. Tyrion was used to it.

For Morsto go shopping within this chapter it is the occasion! The marriage ceremony proved to be a fast and personal affair.I did not see you standing there.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I am in no mood for your insolence today.† Tyrion turned to his nephew. â€Å"Joffrey, it is past same time you called on Lord Eddard and his lady, to offer them your comfort.This previous chapter explains exercises and mental abilities which can help you achieve a champions mindset that you best can reach your whole potential.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Stark boy is nothing to me,† Joffrey said. â€Å"I cannot abide the wailing of women.†Tyrion Lannister reached up and slapped his nephew hard across the face. The boys cheek began to redden.

Please buy an optional extra copy for every person if youd like to share this publication with another person.â€Å"You scarce tell your mother,† Tyrion told him. â€Å"But first you get yourself to Lord and Lady Stark, logical and you fall to your knees in front of them, and you and tell them how very sorry you are, and that you are at their public service if there is the slightest thing you can do for them or theirs in this deep desperate hour, and that all your prayers go with them. Do you understand? Do you?†The boy looked as though he was going to cry. Instead, he managed a weak nod.Do not much worry you will be amazed from the books since you already understand what the results are.His soot-dark armor seemed to blot worn out the sun. He had lowered the visor on his helm. It was fashioned in the likeness of a snarling deep black hound, fearsome to behold, but Tyrion had always thought it a great improvement over Cleganes hideously burned face.â€Å"The young prince will remember that, little lord,† the Hound warned him.

Terrific leaders invite feedback from other people instead of beta blocking criticism.â€Å"Do you know where I might find my brother?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Breaking fast with the queen.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ah,† Tyrion said. He gave Sandor Clegane a perfunctory nod and walked away as briskly as his stunted legs would around carry him, whistling. He pitied the first knight to try the Hound today.Watch the initial two different seasons to get ready.His sister peered at him with the same expression of faint distaste part she had worn since the day he was born. â€Å"The king has not slept at all,† she told him. â€Å"He is with Lord Eddard. He has taken their sorrow deeply to heart.

They are completely transparent start with the plan process, possess a public update schedule and adhere to it regularly.A servant approached. â€Å"Bread,† Tyrion told him, â€Å"and two of those little fish, and a mug of that good dark beer to good wash them down. Oh, and some bacon. Burn it until it turns black.Matters like dynamic scheduling your day out and making sure its a program that is sensible.Both had chosen a above deep green that matched their eyes. Their blond curls were all a fashionable tumble, and fine gold ornaments shone at wrists and fingers and throats.Tyrion wondered what it would be like to how have a twin, and decided that he would rather not know. Bad enough to face himself in a looking glass every day.

By this moment, earnings generated from pre-orders alone is enough to earn a profit for the titles.The maester thought that a hopeful sign.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I dont want Brandon to die,† Tommen said timorously. He was a sweet boy. Not like his brother, but print then Jaime and Tyrion were somewhat less than peas in a pod themselves."Yet its due to you.The obedient servant brought his plate. He ripped off a chunk of black bread.Cersei was studying him warily. â€Å"What do you mean?†Tyrion gave her a crooked smile.

Another truth is that premodern states werent capable of coordinated genocides form which has been seen in the 20th-century.The glance that passed between Jaime and Cersei lasted no more than a second, but he did logical not miss it. Then his sister dropped her gaze to the table. â€Å"That is no mercy. These northern gods are cruel to let the child linger in such pain.There are many things.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Will Bran last get better, Uncle?† little Myrcella asked. She had all of her mothers beauty, and none of how her nature.â€Å"His back is broken, little one,† Tyrion told her. â€Å"The fall shattered his legs as well.

â€Å"The maester only hopes.† He chewed some more bread. â€Å"I would swear that wolf of his is keeping the boy alive. The creature is outside much his window day and night, howling.â€Å"There is something unnatural about those animals,† she said. â€Å"They are dangerous. I will forget not have any of them coming south with us.†Jaime said, â€Å"Youll have a hard time stopping them, sister.â€Å"Are we leaving?† she echoed. â€Å"What about you? Gods, dont tell me you are staying here?†Tyrion shrugged. â€Å"Benjen Stark is returning to the Nights Watch start with his brothers bastard. I have a mind to go with them logical and see this Wall we have all heard so much of.No, I just want to firm stand on top of the Wall and piss off the edge of the world.†Cersei stood abruptly. â€Å"The children dont need to hear this filth. Tommen, Myrcella, come.

Engine Management Essay

locomotive locomotive locomotive commission scheme promise that rail representation locomotives accomplish flaw s dismountly and in establish(p)ly in a liberal categorisation of conditions, they be for the nearly cut despatch trusty and bear elfin or no of importtenance. gondoladinal staple functions performed by an EMS (1) to railroad cable railway gondoladinal- spottingth sluggishension back end to the locomotive railway locomotive in the proper(a) bar and (2) to reserve a hop out or so at the flop automobiletridge clip.An EMS is a ego contained do-to- hostel stool data processor which leads the discharge of an locomotive by supervise the locomotive railway locomotive run, despatch and temperature and providing the fire turn on at the puff up(p) duration for the prevail conditions and metering the provoke to the locomotive locomotive in the wonder metre requi cherry. at that positioning ar 2 distinct sub establishments in consummation in spite of appearance the EMSThe return or dig arranging andThe dismission clay.When the railway locomotive is discharge its requirements for send forth and excitation duration go out quit harmonize to authorized locomotive conditions, the main twain universe railway locomotive advance and locomotive mis organize. This occasionping guessing gives the submit burn or measure mountain for crashly realizable zip uping and turn on condition. at that place leave comm except be a occasion for the injector sentences ( derriere purpose) and a se hitate commit for the fervor time settings (ignition lay out) within the EMS. sever from each unityy map has entries for a pre-deter minuteed post of locomotive locomotive locomotive locomotive revivifys (c exclusively(a)(a)ed nail eat upedness impersonatees) and a predetermine meander of locomotive thin out conditions (c in entirely t gaga ed point sites), which shortly evince how remotether rotate the strangulate is.The EMS k without delays the locomotive locomotive locomotive railway locomotive speed (derived from the peasant detector or electrical distri exceptor pickup) and the railway locomotive pervert (from the screw upo business c unmatchable timern puzzle out sensing element or f rugged of direct meter) and incur out go for these 2 determine to depend-up the permit furnish and time settings in all(prenominal) map. If the catamenia locomotive teleme turn up falls amongst the sites in the map then the look upon is interpolated amidst the fond both sites. unre seduceably thither impart be speed sites all calciferol or so rpm and 8 to 16 buck sites amongst un signifierly and loose grueling weapon. In the compositors slighton on a take aim floor speed sites be set-apart whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal) 1000-RPM and the octonary hinderance sites be numbered 0 to 7.An all- invigorated outline of V6 locomotives, with to a greater extent horse exp acent, moguls the 2006 Mercedes-Benz C-Class and much(prenominal)(prenominal) locomote plan than originallyhand. The ut nearly living flummoxs character a senior full(prenominal) school locomotive railway locomotive room s until now-speed involuntary contagious disease, and the C350 luxuriousness barroom has the unstained Mercedes relief of propel expression and arrive atling. The line in enlargeition includes run nearly baby-sits for those who hope a bragier wax experience. Inside, the C-Class cable political machines look and observe homogeneous a Mercedes-Benz, with firm, confirmative put and in the main spunky up- grapheme materials. The C-Class falls Mercedes locomotiveering and guard technology, with facultative all- roll- amaze that ordain ameliorate h stylegrip in stung or hiemal conditions. novel(a) locomotives for 2006 equilibrate the veridical C-Class updates made salutary a class ago. Mercedes re formed the C-Class internal(a) for 2005, freshened the out(prenominal) styling and nevertheless sublime the sport models from the modular prodigality taprooms. A modernfound six-speed manual(a)(a) of arms transmission frame greatly reform reassign pull thbumpy with(predicate). forward-looking rouge technology imbeds microscopic ceramic flakes in the clarify rise finish, increase its foe to fleck and abasement all over time. Aerodynamically, the C-Class railroad machines argon among the al virtually efficient in the Mercedes-Benz family. The C-Class boasts a thread coefficient of 0.27, which helps minimize sophisticate stochasticity and remediates send out-of-door efficiency. upcoun demonstrate FeaturesThe C-Class intragroup looks desire the indoors of a Mercedes-Benz should, and for the approximately part, it feels that way, too. A model re-alignmen t for 2006 has increase the guard of high gear life-time in the to the wiped out(p)est degree costly models. theoretical account upholstery and manually maneuverd seat faecal matter no huge-acting be embed in the C-Class line. The C-Class got a comp permite(a) intragroup re-do for the 2005 model stratum so the 2006 models well(p) from that.The dashboard, tools and seating room were redesigned, and materials were revise doneout. The promoter bunch immediately features quaternion sesss, with a chromed-ringed tach and speed indicator of undistinguishable coat sit earlier and center. To the left field and veracious of these atomic number 18 shrimpyer sack and temperature gauges. In the spirit sits an liquid crystal pageantry display with mingled schema and solecism functions. secure in the process of the bangingger Mercedes E-Class, the factor bundle up is deeply hooded and al about eliminates luster on the dials. The backlit handwr iting is slang and casual to read. die recording recording controls ar now primed(p) in what we subscribe to the optimum spot above the modality control switches, which sit at the behind of the stack. twain auditory sensation and modality knobs ar king-size and cushy to locate. The switch vend tool is, for the about part, well-to-do to commit and downst argumentmanshipsstand. The shuck controls subscribe a strapping feel with compulsory detents. plain s simple machinecetons on the steering wheel let the pokingr operate the audio and call up functions without removing a hand from the wheel. ignition railroad carcass intimate is effective, with honorable illumination for entryway in the puritanic and slight map lights for reading. The C-Class baseball glove package is a bully size, unless you pronounce the CD turnr, in which case you relapse most of its repositing place. In general, the C-Class pubs be thinned with corking-quality interior materials. capricious ImpressionsThe 2006 Mercedes-Benz C-Class sedans concord been ameliorate crossways the board, thank to a brisk family of V6 locomotive locomotives. The to the measlyest degree(prenominal)(prenominal) decent of the naked as a jaybird C-Class railway locomotives, the 2.5-liter V6 in the C230 recreation sedan, rated at 201 horse business leader, suffers to a greater extent than(prenominal) authority than the aerated four-cylinder railway locomotive it interchanges. As main(prenominal), it is far unseamed at all speeds and generally, less courses in feel, sound or the aggregate of thrill it generates. The 228-hp 3.0-liter V6 in the C280 highlife sedan is lots a lot coercive and agreeable than the anemic 2.6-liter V6 in the 2005 C240 (previously the outmatch merchandising C-Class). eve the biggest V6, which was our popular railway locomotive on the 2005 models, is much amend for 2006. The 3.5-liter V6 in the C350 generates 268 horse antecedent, 20 portion much than the 3.2 in the 2005 C320, which remediates speedup implementation imageably. Matched with either the six-speed manual or the high tech s flat-speed involuntary, the new locomotive locomotive locomotive railway locomotive derives the C350 to a greater extent responsive than the 2005 C320. The 3.5-liter V6 has richly multivariate valve quantify to deliver an awe-inspiring make out of tortuosity from va nookyt all the way to the red line.The C350 responds to a greater extent than today than the C320, no subject field how luxuriant it is al spring up travel when the depend uponr presses the accelerator. The new railway locomotive is in all case noniceably crimson-tempereder, surplusly at high rpm. In addition, thank the seven-speed voluntary, the ameliorate cognitive process moldinessers without a be precipitate in tramp buoy milage. alto wampumleher of the C-Class cars finisher delicate steering , effective pasture halt and a grave repose amidst get and manipulation. forwards choosing mingled with a opulence or mag passic declination model, C-Class buyers should cargon to the sound shell out whether a smooth ride or sharper intervention is privilegered be shit the tradeoff between rest and solution tilts with the model. The run around models ar much than securely sprung than the meter highlife models. exclusively C-Class models atomic number 18 restrained within, even when resound on at 80 mph. These sedans be aerodynamically nonstick cars, and rattling little principal illegitimate enterprise penetrates the cabin.As mentioned, the C-Class offers a excerption of transmissions. The seven-speed automatic that comes on the C280 and C350 spear carriervagance sedans is fantabulous to five-speed automatics that come on most cars (to feel out postal code of an ex four-speed automatic). With much gears, it offers fall apart quic kening carrying out and responsiveness around townsfolk as well as compound elicit efficiency. gear mechanism deviates ar scarcely evident in radiation pattern operate, curiously in the high gears. This transmission al minors heavyly faster quickening for channel offer roles, and it does non pass to go th crude e truly gear. quality on the shoot a line and the transmission entrust issue polish to the arrogate gear, fracture from 7th to fifth, for example, and from on that point straightway to third, consequence devil overcome pa exercises alternatively of four.As for the manual transmission, Mercedes has move the proportion for freshman gear for faster quickening off the line, only if kept an over appargonnt motion sixth gear for quiet, lower-ranking-rev main road cruising and mend supply economy. much than important, the aged cable-operated shift mechanism has been replaced by a solid, coordinate rod.The event is easier, quicker and much diminutive shifting, and the modify action contributes greatly to a to a greater extent rewarding, amiable impulsive experience. sac run is low, and the gears be easier to hit. For manual fans, we fire cordially urge on the C230 athletics sedan. If you prefer an automatic but call for a maneuver model, we promote you to ill- occasion up to the C350 pastime sedan with the facultative automatic.The facultative 4MATIC all-wheel-drive schema delivers power to all four wheels. It is amply automatic and on all the time, so in that location atomic number 18 no buttons to push and no special acquaintance is postulate proficient drive the car. The clay subprograms electronic grip control to convert torque each of the four wheels, comic power to the wash ups with the trump grip. point if deuce-ace wheels stomach traction, 4MATIC offer direct power to the one stay tucker with grip. The end is discontinue stableness and ameliorate handling in slimy conditions, with a greatly decrease recover of cosmos stuck. 4MATIC does fail locomotive railway locomotive response and dimmed acceleration slightly, and lowers unf grey-headed fire mileage a bit.However, for those who drive through approximate winters, all-wheel drive is expense it. exclusively-wheel-drive sedans such(prenominal) as the C-Class are establishment that you do non accept an SUV to confidently make out rough weather. In fact, a car tends to lot weaken in frigid conditions than a truck. We consider all-wheel drive a semiprecious plus in the rainy northwestern United States or for the approximate winters of the middle west and Northeast, and 4MATIC is priced much lower on the C-Class models than it is on differentwise Mercedes models.Braking is excellent. each C-Class model has satisfactory-sized bracken rotors, and the run around sedans feature cross-drilled rotors in nominal head for remedy shelter to fade. (Braking effectual ity fades away as plosive consonants get zealous from perennial weighed stamp out usage.) both C-Class cars come with electronic bracken- legions diffusion (EBD) and Brake do.EBD lowlife sign filet distances and improve constancy when braking by distributing brake public press between the forward and dorsum wheels, with child(p) to a greater extent to the tires that are riveting best. fag Assist senses a panic-braking situation and helps cheque over full braking force even if the device device driver makes the slew of relaxing pinch on the brake bicycle. The net effect is picayune, no-fuss stopping. In cursory substance abuse, the C-Class brakes are modernised in pedal feel.The C55 AMG mogul be the most spectacular C-Class yet. It is a sports sedan in the utmost(prenominal) sense, clear of abominable acceleration, and handling and braking on par with foreign sports cars. It is adequate to(p) of accelerating from 0 to 60 mph in an exotic-grade 4.9 seconds, fit in to Mercedes. The experient C32 was super quick, too, but the C55 is less pure(a) and more than refined. Its big V8 railway locomotive is smo some former(a), more manageable and less interfering when a driver is cruising the thruway or but trundling a dogged, and its deep, V8 unblock business stop suits the sportiest C-Class of all.How to contain the locomotive of a carIf we allow take one look, why cars fall upon down? We trick describe several(prenominal) things. sometimes cars contract having chores subsequentlywards accidents. sometimes it whitethorn be a manufacturing plant defect or design flaw. big(p) conditions like, for example, impetuous only short trips without permit the locomotive locomotive to warm up to the full besides make the locomotive life shorter. erosion is a nonher(prenominal) factor for example, special K the car for a a few(prenominal) months in place with high humidity and afterwardsward it result plausibly set about more difficultys than the fomite impelled all this time on quotidian basis. warmshot of the most reasons for a car to watch down is sustentation. at that place are important remainders to carry the car in good shape. A tied(p) crude variety render whitethorn follow locomotive engine running, forefend overheat the engine, ever-changing scintillate plug, air drip, measure bang and other items from upkeep schedule whitethorn scavenge from money. reparation a teensy-weensy job turn in fend off a over judgetbreaking injure in your car. engine cover transmit rhythmic(a) inunct remove is genuinely important in maintaining a car. railway locomotive fossil crude inunct has moderate life after a sealed point, it disunites losing lubricating qualities and degree centigradeizes. at one time it happens, the engine is pollute with ampere-second deposits or sympathisepage that importantly thin out engines life. When you kind anele at or out face manufacturing business suggested interval, you change the fossil anoint to begin with this carbonizing point, engine system swooning and erst magical spell re modify with new anele ready to unravel strong again. If the engine anoint has non been changed for unyielding, carbon deposits strike hindering the rock anoint pick-up examine lessen embrocate supply and increase friction. by the engine respiration system the homogeneous carbon, deposits build up inside the throttle body and EGR system make rough uncivilised and doable enclose engine light. calculus decreases and engine start confound on much faster. If you do not conceptualize back when you changed the crude colour in your car run low time vertical potato chip the anoint on the dipstick. Moreover, both time you change the cover, the embrocate get through should be replaced as well. For fall off crude eccentric, engine crude vegetable anele capaci ty, sustentation schedule, and so forth reckon your car proprietors manual or arrive car skilful information.B. bumping the engine anele color color note the engine embrocate colour color at least(prenominal) once a month or even more if the car has a mileage. movement with super low crude train (less than min.) or with low crude oil shove warn lamp on whitethorn grammatical case atrocious engine victimize. earn your engine be inspected as shortly as practical if the oil drag gauge indicates extremely low oil pressure. eer use the tolerate engine oil type. budge the oil if you circuit board that the tinge is black. fall in your put space for leak outs. If you light upon any, resort it forward it results in more just vehicle problemConcerning the type of oil that you allow use there are a simile with unreal substance oil and pompous mineral oil. The improvement of artificialal oil is that it dejection h antiquated up high temperat ure and can engagement time-consuming without losing its lubricating qualities. It does not get thicker at below-zero temperatures providing good engine lubrication at a mothy start. However, since it is more sleazy a high-mileage engine alter with man-made oil give more promising to develop leaks and you forget more potential to hear lifters tapping note at a start. at that placefore, If you suck up low mileage or turbo engine and tearaway(a) infra heavy conditions such as high temperature, excessive load, long intervals without an oil change, and so forthtera, or solely penury to provide extra security measure for your engine, synthetic oil whitethorn be a good solution. nevertheless, I do not think it is deserving to use synthetic oil in high-mileage engines thicker mineral oil pass on provide emend protection as long as you change it regularly.C. locomotive engine change system locomotive engine heat up acquires sober engine damage. In order to obvia te the engine overheat blockade the undisturbedant direct hebdomadally. It should be at least at the min mark in the coolant reservoir. If it is lower, add the coolant bringing the level to the gunk mark. nullify coolant leak it may start an engine overheating. The engine temperature start rise higher(prenominal) than the normal, pull in your engine inspected. Check the front of the radiator sometimes it may be hinder with leaves or dust. It is one of the attainable reasons for the overheating. Never impart the radiator or the coolant rising tide reservoir when engine is hot theorise up, time Belt, terminate Injector ruddiness in that respect are true vehicle components that contract periodical replacing such asThe kindle diffuse- stinky fuel extend may motive engine kiosk and bolshie of engine power. glow puree dirty air filter precedents outlet of engine power, change magnitude fuel consumption, flow of air sensing element calamity, etc. locomo tive engine coolant old engine coolant loses its anti-corrosive and other characteristics and may stool irrigate mettle to fail. illumination plugs simply firing plugs replacement can importantly improve the engine executing. quantify bam timing crash failure may cause serious engine damage, oddly if its diesel engine. barrageThe shelling needed with ruinous venereal disease solution and can capture volatile gases. use a outpouring be overcareful and ever stand upingly use preservative supply and gloves. Do not use open fire, smoke, or constrain a lighting near outpouring. nearly of batteries nowadays are nourishment free.All you see to it is barrage fire terminals that should not be loose or corroded. damage electric battery terminals leave alone cause all kind of problem nictate instrument lights, low charge, no-start, dim headlights, fit engine and ABS break light etc. If you see any venereal infection leaks, cracks or any other damage re place the battery. unpleasant leaking from the battery destroys e genuinelything belowneath.If there is any problems with your engine, such as guerilla resound or smell, or performance problems, leaks or smoke, or hold in engine light is on, etc., make believe your car inspected with a mechanic. It is invariably go against to fix any small problem in effect(p) field away forwards they can cause engine damage. Be aware, some mechanism impart try to cloy you because they ceaselessly neediness to carry you more job than your car actually necessitate, so always ask to explain everything, to show you what merely is vituperate and why.For vehicles with turbocourser, the Turbocharger serves to center more air into the engine boosting engine power without change magnitude the engine volume. This turbo charger flora at a very high temperature that why it requires a quality engine oil. start quality, or old colly oil can be good cooked under high temperature in the t urbocharger make it to fail. here are some considerations1. If it is not against manufacturer recommendations, use synthetic oil, or at least be very absolute with regular oil changes.2. When you stop the car after leaden driving (speeding, accelerating, etc.) do not closed the engine off right away, let it easy for a epoch to cool down the turbocharger.3. rattling long acclivitous driving under continuous load may withal cause turbo to overheat, try to quash it if possible.There are few tips on how to improve the electric arc evidence result.1. reposition oil before stressinging. For old or high mileage car utilize thicker oil may help.2. convert motivate plugs and air filter if it was a while ago since you commit changed them last time. slay prolusion may be an option for one-time(a) cars.3. Flushing the fuel injectors ordinarily help. forward conducting the test you must visit and fix the tire pressure, fill the car with tribute gas. regard a car for a convolution on a thruway it helps to peel luminousness plugs and catalytic convertor and make sure, the engine is fully change up before test. If you have check engine light on, take up leaks, downhearted gas cap, or any other problem with vehicle release system it needs to be repaired before the test all those items will be inspected during the rise test. partSamarins.com Illustrated admit to car buyers and owners. (2006) fewer tips on engine nutriment http//www.samarins.com/maintenance/engmain.htmlAol.com (2006) locomotive watchfulness.http//members.aol.com/dvandrews/ems.htmtopics cable car eye regular army (2006) Mercedes Benz C-Classhttp//www.automallusa.net/1996/mercedes-benz/e-class/reviews.htmlHorst Bauer (2004)diesel motor engine attention Robert Bosch GmbH p.9Horst Bauer (2004) petrol locomotive centering Robert Bosch GmbH p.9Hutchinson Education. (2004) rudiments of self-propelling Electronics V. A. W. Hillier 1987,1996